I. Intambwe y’intango: Nta buryo bumwe bwo gushikiriza abantu mu migwi (1930–1971)
Inyuma y’Impinduka y’Inganda, ibikoresho vy’amapulasitike n’ivy’amafu vyaratanguye gukoreshwa cane, EVA, imipira n’amaresine vyakoreshwa cane mu bikoresho vyo mu nzu, mu bikoresho vyo kwikingira umuriro be no mu bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none; ariko rero, nta buryo bumwe bwo gusuzuma ubushobozi bwo guhagarika urubeya bwariho.
1930: Itegeko ry'Abanyamerika ASTM ryashizeho uruvyaro rwa mbere rw'igerageza ry'umuriro, ripima gusa ibipimo vy'umuriro uringaniye kandi ritandukanya hagati y'"uguturika buhoro-" n'"uguturika kwihuta-," ata ngingo zijanye n'uguturika guhagaze canke isuzuma ry'ingaruka z'amatonyanga.
1950–1960: Ivyabaye vy’umuriro bikoreshwa ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none vyarateye imbere cane; kubaho kw’amatonyanga y’ibitonyanga ashobora gucana umuriro w’inyuma vyari biteye akaga gakomeye, yamara nta n’uburyo bumwe bwo gushikiriza umuriro kw’isi yose bwariho ku bijanye n’uguhagarika umuriro mu buryo buhagaze.
Ingorane nyamukuru z’inganda: Ku bijanye na EVA n’imipira isanzwe, ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’umuriro bushobora gusuzumwa gusa n’amaso; ibivuye mu bipimo vyakozwe mu ma laboratwari atandukanye ku kintu kimwe ntibihuye rwose; kandi nta n’itegeko ry’umutekano rimwe ry’inganda zijanye n’ivy’ubuhinga bwa none n’ivy’ubuhinga bwa PCB zija hanze-.
II. Ivuka ry’Ikigereranyo ca Mbere: Gushinga Uburyo bw’Ishingiro bw’Ivyiyumviro Bitatu- (1972–1990, UL94 Verisiyo 1–3)
Mu mwaka w’1972, UL yasohoye igitabu ca mbere c’igitabu UL94-ikigereranyo ca mbere kw’isi co gushikiriza ivyerekeye ubushobozi bwo gukingira umuriro bw’amapulasitike-bishizeho umushinge w’uburyo bwo gushikiriza ibiharuro vy’ubushobozi bwo gukingira urubeya bw’ubuhinga bwa none.
Hariho ivyigwa bibiri bishasha vy’ingenzi vyongeweko: umuriro uringaniye (HB) n’umuriro uhagaze.
Ico kigereranyo c’intango cari gihagaze mu mice itatu gusa: V-0, V-1, na V-2. Ivyiyumviro nyamukuru vyo gusuzuma vyari igihe urubeya rwasigaye be n’uko amazi atose yaturitsa igitambaro c’ipampa.
Integuro y’igitabu ca gatatu (1980) yaratunganije uburyo bwo gupima, ivyo bikaba vyaremejwe n’Igisata c’Igisirikare ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, bica biba ikintu gitegekanijwe ku bijanye n’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none be n’ivyo mu nzu.
Ivyo bishobora gushikako: Bihuye gusa n’amapulasitike manini kandi akomeye; nta kigeragezo cihariye kiriho ku bikoresho vy’ifu yoroshe (nk’akarorero, EVA, ifu ya EPDM, ifu ya silikoni); ivyerekeye urubeya rwo guhangana n’ibikoresho bikeyi muri rusangi birarengewe kandi ntibihagije kugira ngo bishobore gushitsa ibisabwa vya PCB vyo guhangana n’ubushuhe bwinshi-.
III. Iterambere ry’urugero: Kwongerwako urugero rwo guhagarika umuriro rwo hejuru cane (5V) (1991–2012, Integuro y’Ine n’iya Gatanu)
Integuro y’ica kane (1991) n’iya gatanu (1996) zashizeho ibintu bibiri bihambaye vy’uguhindura, bishiraho uburyo bwo gushikiriza ivy’ugukingira umuriro buguma bukoreshwa gushika n’uyu musi.
Ivyuma bishasha vyongeweko 5VA na 5VB vy’uguhangana n’urubeya (birengeye V-0), bigereranya ibintu bifise ubushuhe bwinshi buhoraho n’imbeya nini zifunguye;
5VA: Amasahani atagira imyobo, yubahiriza ingingo ngenderwako z’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma, ibisabwa mu gukoresha ubuhinga bwo gucapura bufise ubushuhe bwinshi, n’ingingo ngenderwako z’ibikoresho vyo kubika inguvu.
5VB: Iremera gutobora gatoyi; igice c'imiterere y'ubushuhe bwinshi-y'isi yose.
Yongerako ingingo zidasanzwe zo kugerageza amafilime makeyi n’ibikoresho vy’ifu yoroshe kugira ngo haboneke umuti w’ibibazo vy’uguhinduka kw’igerageza n’ifu ya EVA na EPDM.
Igihambaye cane mu bijanye n’ubuhinga: Ibice vy’ubuhinga bwa none, PCB, n’ibikoresho bishasha vy’inguvu ubu bisaba ko bishirwako ikimenyetso c’icemezo ca UL94, mu gihe ibikoresho vy’ifu vy’agaciro gatoyi bishobora gusha HB-biriko birakurwa buhoro buhoro mu mirongo y’ibikorwa vy’inganda.
Ivyiyumviro vya kera vyerekeye ibidukikije: Uburayi bwabonye dioxins ziterwa n’ibintu bishobora gutuma umuriro udasha, ivyo bikaba vyatumye habaho uburenganzira ku bikoresho vya kera vy’umuriro bifise halogène-ibitera umuriro -ivyo bita EVA.
IV. Ivyiyumviro vyiza: Ivyagezwe vy’Igerageza ry’Isi Yose (Igitabu ca 6, 2013)
Integuro y’igitabu ca gatandatu ca UL94 yasohotse mu 2013, ikomeza cane ukwihanganira ibigeragezo kugira ngo bihure n’ubudandaji bw’amahanga kw’isi yose.
Gushiramwo uburebure bw’urubeya, agaciro k’ubushuhe, ingero z’ivyerekanwa, n’ubushuhe/ubukonje bwo mu bidukikije vy’itara rya BenSheng kugira ngo hakurweho ukudahuza kw’igerageza hagati y’ama laboratwari yo mu Bushinwa, muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika no mu Buraya.
Ingaruka y’uburebure ku rugero rwo guhagarika umuriro iratomoye: ku bijanye n’ifu imwe ya silikoni, igipimo c’uburebure bwa milimetero 3 gishizwe mu rwego rwa V-0 gishobora kugabanywa kikaja kuri V-1 iyo igice c’ifu gifise uburebure bwa milimetero 0,5 gusa.
Ihuye n’ingingo mfatirwako mpuzamakungu ISO na IEC zo guhangana n’urubeya; Ibikoresho vya PCB vyoherezwa hanze mu bihugu vy’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi no muri Aziya y’amajepfo vyemewe mu buryo bumwe hakurikijwe urutonde rwa UL94.
Amategeko agenga ibidukikije yarashizwe mu ngiro icarimwe: amabwirizwa y’Ubumwe bw’ibihugu vy’Uburayi yerekeye RoHS abuza ibikoresho bishobora gutuma umuriro udatera, ivyo bikaba bituma inganda zihindukira zija ku silikoni y’ifu y’i V0 idafise halogen- n’ibikoresho bishobora guhagarika umuriro -birimwo halogen
V. Ivyiyumviro vya none vya none:Ibisabwa bibiri vyo kurinda ibidukikije no gukoresha ubushuhe bwinshi- (Igitabu ca 7, 2023, ubu kirakora)
Igitabo ca 7 casohowe mu 2023 ni co gishingiye ku rugero rwo kw’isi yose, kirimwo ivyiza vy’agaciro vy’ibikoresho vy’ugutera ivyatsi n’ibikoresho vyo gutera ivyatsi vy’ubushuhe bwa PCB.
Gutunganya ibigenderwako vyo kumenya ibiponji vy’ifu yoroshe, gutandukanya ibiranga umuriro wavyo hagati ya silikoni yugarijwe-, EPDM yuguruye-, na EVA yoroshe.
Kugerageza ubushobozi bwo guhagarika urubeya inyuma y'ugukura kw'ubushuhe bwinshi: Ubushobozi bwo guhagarika urubeya bw'ibikoresho ntibukwiye kwerekana ko bushobora kwonona cane iyo bushizwe ku bushuhe buramba ku bushuhe bwa degre 200 .
Gutorera umuti ingorane zikomeye z’inganda: EVA n’ibikoresho bisanzwe vyo gukingira umuriro EPDM vyerekana ubushuhe bwinshi-bushobora gusohoka; gusubiramwo ubushuhe butera gusenyuka kuva kuri V0 gushika kuri HB, bikaba bituma zidashobora gukoreshwa mu mirongo yo gukora PCB.
Flame-retardant foam silicone, izwi cane kubera ubushuhe bwinshi-bushobora guhangana n'ubushuhe bwinshi no kutagira ugutandukanya kw'ibice mu gihe iguma ifise igipimo c'umuriro ca V0, yacitse igikoresho nyamukuru co gukoresha mu gukingira ubushuhe bwinshi.
Ivyiyumviro bishasha vyerekeye umwotsi muto-n'ibintu biva mu muriro bitagira ubumara vyashizweho kugira ngo bihure n'ibisabwa vyo gukingira umuriro mu mahugurwa be n'ingingo ngenderwako zo gukora ibintu bisukuye ku bipande vy'imirongo y'ibicapo.
Ivyiyumviro vy'isi yose: Ivyiyumviro vy'ubushobozi bwo guhagarika umuriro ubu ntibikubiyemwo gusa "ukwizimya -iyo umuntu ashikiwe n'umuriro," ariko kandi n'ibindi bipimo bitatu-ugukomera kw'ubushuhe, ukudashobora gukingira ibidukikije halogen-, n'ukudashobora gusenyuka.